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1/2, Philippine Cultural Minorities II: Mangyan Folklore. Lulu.com, 2018. The Mansaka. Chal-chal: the god of the sun whose son's head was cut off by Kabigat; Kabigat: the goddess of the moon who cut of the head of Chal-chal's son; her action is the origin of headhunting, Son of Chal-chal: his head was cut off by Kabigat; revived by Chal-chal, who bear no ill will against Kabigat, Ob-Obanan: a deity whose white hair is inhabited by insects, ants, centipedes, and all the vermins that bother mankind; punished a man for his rudeness by giving him a basket filled with all the insects and reptiles in the world, Ked-Yem: the god of blacksmiths who cut off the heads of the two sons of Chacha because they were destroying his work; was later challenged by Chacha, which eventually led into a pechen pact to stop the fighting, Two Sons of Chacha: beheaded by Ked-Yem, because they were destroying his work, Fucan: younger of the two girls met by Lumawig in Lanao; married to Lumawig; later adopted the name Cayapon; died after dancing in a taboo way, which led to death being the norm among mortals, Two Sons of Cayapon: the two children of Lumawig and Fucan; helped the people of Caneo, who afterwards killed by the two brothers, Batanga: father of the two girls met by Lumawig in Lanao. Page 158. Vocabulario de la lengua tagala: compuesto por varios religiosos doctos y graves, y coordinado. Blumentritt, Fernando (1895). Tenorio, J., Stuart A. Schlegel, S. A. (2018). Philippines: Children's Communication Center: Aklat Adarna. Alacacin, C. (1952). Page 114. Piccio, B. Way of the Ancient Healer: Sacred Teachings from the Philippine Ancestral Traditions. Romulo, L. (2019). It could be inferred that Cent [5][6][7], The following figures continue to exist and prevail among the collective memory and culture of Filipinos today, especially among adherents to the native and sacred Filipino religions, despite centuries of persecution beginning with the introduction of non-native and colonial Abrahamic religions which sought to abolish all native faiths in the archipelago beginning in the late 14th century, and intensified during the middle of the 16th century to the late 20th century. The woolly bear is a caterpillar that has folklore all his own in fact, he is tasked with foretelling the weather. Springer. Christina Pratt (2007). Lulu.com, 2016. Frigga was the wife of the all-powerful Odin, and was considered a goddess of fertility and marriage within the Norse pantheon. Hyndman, D., Duhaylungsod, L., Thomas, B. Rajah Indarapatra: ancestor of both tonong and the Maranao; a child of heaven who chose to be reincarnated as a mortal son of the ruler Nabi Bakaramat; Rajah Solaiman: went into a journey to slay Omakaan, but was killed by Omakaan, Laughing Woman: a woman who told Rajah Indarapatra what not to do to kill Omakaan, Omakaan: a man-eating monster who multiplies when cut into pieces, Kalalanagan: also called Princess Condor; all her previous husbands except Inodang died because she is the source of mosquitoes, which come from her nose, Inodang: the last husband of Kalalanagan; burned Kalalanagan to prevent more deaths, but some of Kalalanagan's mosquitoes escaped, which means Kalalanagan still lives, Turtle and Snake: friends who went into a race, where the patient turtle won, Lapindig: husband of Orak and Odang; upon finding his wives' death, he tightened his waist to stave off hunger and became the wasp, Orak: wife of Lapindig, killed herself after Odang's death, Odang: wife of Lapindig, accidentally died due to a quarrel with Orak about cooking and transporting food for Lapindig, Semsem sa Alongan: a magician; husband of Anak, Anak: wife of Semsem sa Alongan and youngest daughter of Sultan sa Agamaniyog; died due to a plan of Potre Bunso, where Anak was grounded by stone doors due to her failure to ask permission from Ring of Fire, Sharp and Pointed Metals, and Flowing River; her long hair became the leaves of the sapinit, Potre Bunso: jealous sister of Anak's good fortune, Dayang Dayang Mangilai: the goddess of the forest and one of the two supreme deities; married to Umboh Tuhan. Historical and Cultural Data of Provinces. Folklore Studies Vol. Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs. Centipedes tend to be nocturnal, which means approaching Sepa after dark is not only a-okay but potentially downright preferential. Madrid, 1895. Muyco, Maria Christine M. 2008. And since centipedes are so water-dependent, perhaps that partially explains Sepas link to the inundation: centipedes flourish as the flood courses through the land, providing them the essential moisture to thrive. 31, No. Philippiniana Sacra, Volume 37, Issues 109-111. Its discovery is attributed to the Aztecs so you might look in that direction. Eugenio, Damiana L. (1993). New Day Publishers. Dua Sepa! Precolonial Gender-Crossing and the Babaylan Chronicles. Native races and their customs. Philippine Studies: Vol. Intutungcho (Kabunian): the supreme deity living above; Lumawig: also referred as the supreme deity and the second son of Kabunian; an epic hero who taught the Bontoc their five core values for an egalitarian society. F. Landa Jocano. Ouano-Savellon, R. (2014). Some deities of ethnic groups have similar names or associations, but remain distinct from one another. Lifestyle Inquirer. Oceanic Linguistics30:73129. Kabunian: the supreme deity and the origin of rice; Moon Deity: the deity who teased Kabunian for not yet having a spouse, Child of Kabunian: the child of Kabunian with a mortal woman; split in half, where one part became lightning and the other became thunder, Matono: a brave woman who adventured into the underworld and saw the causes of poor crops and earthquakes; she afterwards reported her studies to the people of the earth; during the kosdy, the people pray to her to not permit the rice, camotes, and other things to grow down, but to cause them to grow up, Kabigat (of where the water rises): journeyed into the underworld to retrieve trees which became the forests of the middle world, Kabigat (of where the water empties): taught Kabigat (of where the water empties) how to safely get trees from the underworld, Masekn: ruler of the underworld with green eyebrows, red eyes, and a tail, Kabigat (of the east): a large man in the east who adopted Bangan, Bangan: son of Otot and adopted by Kabigat; a kind young man who loved both his father and foster-father; shared gold to the world though Kabigat, Otot: a large man in the west who perished due to an accident, while travelling with his son, Bangan; a tree of gold rose from his burial, where Kabunian fell the tree and all gold on earth scattered from it, Sun God: the deity who pushed up the skyworld and pushed down the underworld, creating earth, after he was hit by a man's arrow during the war between the peoples of the skyworld and the underworld, Labangan: a man who was got the first grain of rice used by mankind from Kabunian, Wife of Kabunian: the spouse of Kabunian who bore their child, which was split into two and revived into lightning and thunder, Two Blind Women: two kind blind beggars in hunger who were driven away by their neighbors; fed by a woman who came from a rock and an old woman; one was given a sack or rice, while the other was given a bottle of water; when they returned home, they decided to replant the rice and distribute it to the people, while the bottle of water gushed out streams which also aided mankind, Delan: deity of the moon, worshiped with the sun and stars; congenial with Elag; during quarrels, Elag sometimes covers Delan's face, causing the different phases of the moon; giver of light and growth, Elag: deity of the sun, worshiped with the moon and stars; has a magnificent house in the sky realm called Gacay; retreats to his home during nights; giver of light and growth, Pandac: deity of the stars, worshiped with the sun and moon; giver of light and growth, Cain: the headhunter creator of mankind; gave customs to the people; lived together with Abel in the sky but separated due to a quarrel, Abel: prayed to when wishing long lives for children; lived together with Cain in the sky but separated due to a quarrel, Keat: personification of lightning, depicted as the road of Cain and Abel, Kidu: personification of thunder, which follows Keat, Oden: deity of the rain, worshiped for its life-giving waters, Betang: unpredictable shape-shifting spirit-creatures living in the forests or wilderness called Gongot; youth and softness are their properties, while they can also alter a human's sense of time; they may take the form of a white dog, a large deer, a horse with a hanging tongue, a naked woman, or beings with grotesque shapes, whose attributes range from long arms and legs, small heads, oversized feet, fur bodies, to hairless bodies; they may also enter a person's dreams or paralyze a human, Gaek Spirits: spirits in the Gaek magic plant used in relation to hunting and fishing; the naw-naw prayer is given to them, Unnamed Supreme God: the supreme god who tasked the primordial giants to initiate the creation of many things, Buni: possibly the name of the supreme god, Aran: one of the two primordial giants tasked with the creation of many things, Abra: an old god who controls the weather; married to Makiling, the elder, Makiling (the elder): the goddess gave birth to Cabuyaran, Cabuyaran: the goddess of healing; daughter of Abra and Makiling, the elder; she eloped with Anianihan, Anianihan: the god of harvest who eloped with Cabuyaran, Saguday: the god of the wind who is one of the two gods preferred by Abra to be his daughter's spouse, Revenador: the god of thunder and lightning who is one of the two gods preferred by Abra to his daughter's spouse, Bulan: the god of peace who comforted the grieving Abra, Amman: the god of the sun, where the sun is his eye, Makiling (the younger): granddaughter of Makiling, the elder; she is guarded by the dog god Lobo in the underworld, Lobo: a god who was punished to become a large dog guarding the entrance to the underworld, Unnamed God: the underworld god who punished Lobo, Sipnget: the goddess of darkness who requested Ang-ngalo to build her a mansion, Asin: ruler of the kingdom of salt, who aided Ang-ngalo in the building of a white mansion, Ocean Deity: the goddess of the ocean whose waters slammed the ediface of salt being built by Ang-ngalo and Asin, causing the sea's water to become salty, Apolaki: the name of a deity, which later was used to refer to the supreme deity of Christian converts, Ines Kannoyan: beautiful maiden who became the lover of Lam-ang; aided the resurrection of Lam-ang, Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who wished to have horns to frighten the people under his rule and keep them under his control; his wish backfired as the people perceived him as worse than an animal; he continued to demand to be the ruler despite his people withdrawing their support, which eventually led to his death, Agueo: the morose and taciturn sun god who is obedient to his father, Ama; lives in a palace of light, Bulan: the merry and mischievous moon god, whose dim palace was the source of the perpetual light which became the stars; guides the ways of thieves, Anito: spirits who lurk everywhere; capable of inflicting pain and suffering, or of granting rewards, Gods of the Pistay Dayat: gods who are pacified through the Pistay Dayat ritual, where offerings are given to the spirits of the waters who pacify the gods, Urduja: a warrior princess who headed a supreme fleet, Rizal: a culture-hero who, according to tradition, will return to aid his people in their struggle for victory and genuine freedom, Malayari: also called Apo Namalyari, the supreme deity and creator, Akasi: the god of health and sickness; sometimes seen at the same level of power as Malayari, Kalasakas: god of early ripening of rice stalks, Kalasokus: god of turning grain yellow and dry, Damulag: also called Damolag, god of protecting fruiting rice from the elements, Anitun Tauo: the goddess of wind and rain who was reduced in rank by Malayari for her conceit, Great Creator: the god who created all things; used to come down and talk to people before the great flood; rules the earth through Tigbalog, Lueve, Amas, and Binangewan, Gutugutumakkan: the supreme deity, possibly the name of the Great Creator. POTET, Jean-Paul G. (2013). Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Folklorists Inc. Vanoverbergh, M. (1955). Loarca, Miguel de (1582). 3/4: Ancestral Spirits as Healers: The "Pagomboh" and "Pag-igal Jin" Rituals of the Sama Dilaut. Nothing in the Henadology article, nor in the quickncursory research I did, shows me how Sepa is a form of Heru; it seems like Sepa is more thoroughly linked to Wesir (Osiris) and funerary purifications, only encountering Heru when He brings Sepa (linked to the inundation) to Cairo. Religion of the Katipunan. Philippine Sociological Society. Mama Guayen: a god that carries the souls of the dead in a boat to the ends of the earth; Sumpoy: god who guides the soul toward a very high mountain, Sisiburanen: the god who rules the mountain where Sumpoy drops off the souls of the dead, Mangalos: the spirits who eat the insides of children; takes away young lives, Hangin: the spirits of the death wind; takes the life of the elderly, Sitaho: also called Sibo Malabag; the god of the early migrants from Borneo, Estrella Bangotbanwa: deified shaman from the 19th century, Canla and Ona: the couple hidden under a clod of earth thrown down by the god Lalaon as punishment to the people who showed malice towards the couple; said to go forth onto the world only after the people become good and envy in the world disappear, Hari-sa-Boqued: an emissary of Canla and Ona; Mount Canlaon is said to burst whenever word has been sent from Canla and Ona to Hair-sa-Baqued, asking if the people have become good and envy is no longer in this world; in other versions, he is also a king of a prosperous kingdom, where his followers are humans, but in one case, he also has loyal dwarfs as followers; disallowed the people from planting tobacco near the summit, but was disobeyed, resulting in an eruption, Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo who negotiated with Pinampang; came from a commoner family, Mambusay: son of Marikudo who first spoke with the ten Bornean datus and hear their plea, Makatunao: a tyrant ruler whose actions forced the ten Bornean datus to flee to Panay, Puti: the leader of the ten Bornean datus who fled to Panay; returned to Borneo and fought Makatunao, Pinampang: wife of Puti who negotiated with Maniusntiuan, Bankaya: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Aklan, Sumakuel: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Hamtik, Paiburong: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Irong-Irong, Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who yearned to have more power to control the people; he wished for horns to frighten his constituents, which instead led to the people withdrawing their support; died while still wanting to keep his power, Laon: the supreme deity; a goddess said to reside in the mountain at the neighboring island of Negros, Bulalakaw: a bird god who looks like a peacock and can cause illnesses; lives in, Bangutbanwa: ensures good harvests and an orderly universe, Mangindalon: intercedes for sick persons; punishes enemies, Soliran: one of two performers of the marriage ceremonies, Solian: one of two performers of the marriage ceremonies, Tungkung Langit: the god of the sky who brings famine, drought, storms, and floods, Lulid-Batang: the god of the earth, responsible for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, Linting Habughabug: the god of lightning, whose look kills people and who shouts in anger, Launsina: the goddess of the sun, moon, stars, and seas, and the most beloved because people seek forgiveness from her, Burigadang Pada Sinaklang Bulawan: the goddess of greed to whom people pray when they want to get rich, Saragnayan: the god of darkness who has the power to replace brightness with darkness, Lubay-lubyuk Hanginun si Mahuyuk-huyukun: the goddess of the evening breeze; cools people, especially during the summer, Suklang Malayun: the guardian of happy homes. Sepa was sometimes given the head of a donkey (possibly to reflect the fact that donkey manure was used to improve the fertility of soil). Fox, R. B. Sepa has been depicted as a mummiform man with two small horns on His head; I wonder if these horns correspond with centipede forcipules. Bowring, John (1858). Fansler, D. S. (1922). Egyptian Gods The Complete List. Choose Philippines. University of Manila., 1956. University of San Carlos. He was honored with a festival from the Old Kingdom onward and had his own temple at Heliopolis where he was associated with protecting and watching over the mummy form of Osiris. Kami can be good or bad. Sevilla, Spain: Archivo de la Indias. Image by James Hager/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images. Cagayan de Oro City: Xavier University. Lulu Publishing. Ateneo de Manila University. Deity, spirit, and hero figures continue to be viewed as important and existing among native faiths and the general Filipino culture. Mckenzie, D. A. Some Aspects of Filipino Vernacular Literature, 292293. Reyes y Florentino, Isabelo de los (1909). To Love and to Suffer: The Development of the Religious Congregations for Women in the Spanish Philippines, 1565-1898. Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology. Page 12. Way of the Ancient Healer: Sacred Teachings from the Philippine Ancestral Traditions. WebAFAIK, there are no deities associated with vanilla. Cookies that are necessary to enable my site to function. Mojares, R. B. Gaioni, D. T. (1985). Chicago: A.C. McClurg and Co. Lambrecht, F. H. (1981). National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Sulod Society. University of Kent. Manila: National Museum. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala. Philippine Studies Vol. Noche, D. (2019). Mikkelsen, H. H. (2016). Hatboro, Pennsylvania: Folklore Assosciates Inc. Pangilinan, M. (20142020). The Book of the Dead also makes a connection between Sepa and Anubis. Philippine Folk Tales . Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Matan-ayon: mother of Nagmalitung Yawa; thinking that Humadapnon has died, makes Nagmalitung Yawa pregnant to compel to her marriage with the revived Paglambuhan; Humadapnon later kills the couple, but is reunited with the revived Nagmalitung Yawa; Dumalapdap: an epic hero; brother of Labaw Donggon, Tikim Kadlum: an enchanted dog that rouses the ire of the monster Makabagting, Amburukay: married to Labaw Donggon after she consented her golden pubic hair to be used in Labaw Donggon's kudyapi, Pahagunon: an underworld being who abducts one of Labaw Donggon's wife, Ayon, Ayon: abducted by Pahagunon after Labaw Donggon transformed into a sea turtle, Giant Crab Master: a master who has a giant crab follower, who aids in the abduction of one of Labaw Donggon's wives; his loyal crab can transform into an island with betel-nut trees, Sanagnayan: a being whose life-force is in an egg in a lion's heart; the sister of Matan-ayon is rescued by Labaw Donggon from Sanagnayan, Balanakon: prevented by the god of the sky from sailing into Labaw Donggon's territory, resulting in a long-drawn battle, Tungkung Langit: the supreme deity and the most powerful male Diwata; he is of unknown origin, coming from somewhere foreign to the other beings of the Sulod pantheon, Bangun Bangun: the deity of universal time who regulates cosmic movements, Pahulangkug: the deity who changes the seasons, Ribung Linti: the deity of lightning and thunderstorms, Sumalongsong: the deity of the rivers and seas, Munsad Burulakaw: the deity who has direct power over men; most respected and feared in the upperworld, Bayi: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things; caught the primordial earthworm and gave birth to the wild animals that inhabit the earth, Laki: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things, Primordial Earthworm: an ancient earthworm who excreted the earth after it was caught by the primordial giantess, Bayi, The Three Brothers Watching Over the Soul, Mangganghaw: keeps track over man's affairs immediately after marriage; keeps track of pregnancy; he is the first to come to the house of a laboring mother, peeping in the houses to see the child being born, which he then reports to Manglaegas, Manglaegas: enters the house to look for the child to make sure the infant was born alive, then reports to Patag'aes, Patag'aes: awaits until midnight then enters the house to have a conversation with the living infant; if he discovers someone is eavesdropping, he will choke the child to death; their conversation creates the fate of the child, on how long the child wants to live and how the child will eventually die, where the child will always get to choose the answers; once done, Patag'aes takes out his measuring stick, computes the child's life span, and then departs, sealing the child's fate, Bangla'e: ferries the souls across Lim'awaen, a deep lake in the underworld; asks the soul how many spouses it had on earth, where the soul is ferried and talked to differently, depending on the answer and the gender of the soul; the soul cannot lie to Bangla'e, as he will summon the tuma, a body louse and the incarnation of the soul's conscience, Unnamed God: another god that asks questions to the soul, Balagu: guards the bridge of a stream called Himbarawen; asks the same question as Bangla'e to the soul, Diwata ng Kagubatan: goddess of the forest honored on top of Mount Caimana in Cuyo island, Neguno: the god of the sea that cursed a selfish man by turning him into the first shark. Centipedes are heavily dependent on water, since they dry out easily, so cool water is an exceptionally appropriate offering for a centipede god of the desert. WebKnown as The Centipede of Horus , he does a similar job to Khepri the Scarab, but with more legs. Halili, M. C. N. (2004). 5, No. Malinao in hald with a thunderbolt; Asuang: brother of Gugurang; an evil god who wanted Gugurang's fire, and gathered evil spirits and advisers to cause immortality and crime to reign; vanquished by Gugurang but his influence still lingers, Unnamed Giant: supports the world; movement from his index finger causes a small earthquake, while movement from his third finger causes strong ones; if he moves his whole body, the earth will be destroyed, Daga: son of Dagat and Paros; inherited his father'control of the wind; instigated an unsuccessfully rebellion against his grandfather, Languit, and died; his body became the earth. The Institutions of Maguindanao. Yabes, L. Y. can i rent out my house after refinancing? University of San Carlos Publications. POTET, Jean-Paul G. (2018). The ancient Egyptians could see that insects attacked dead bodies, but centipedes fed on the insects and so they concluded that the centipedes protected the dead. Fansler, D. S. (1921). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. (1984). WebMaybe it's not necessarily a deity but a sign, an omen or premonition. University of San Carlos Publications. Saway, V. L. The Talaandig. The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature. Boquet, Y. Madrid, 1663. Schlegel, S. A. WebThe mayura named Citramekhala is associated with Saraswati, a deity representing benevolence, patience, kindness, compassion and knowledge. Genitality in Tagalog. Aran: Tiny human-like beings that reside in trees, anthills, dark spaces and are neither evil nor good. (1932, January). Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Global Environment Facility, and UNDP. Lapulapu: a ruler of Mactan who is valorous, strong, and noble, as well as driven and fearless especially in times of armed conflict; in one account, he is also a mangatang (pirate); bested Humabon in politics, trade, and ocean territory in most accounts, while in one account, Humabon managed to overcome Lapulapu; Humabon: a ruler of Sugbo who is cautious and highly respected, but also brave and courageous especially in times of armed conflict; a verified historical person, Sri Lumay Bataugong: the legendary founder of Sugbo who was said to have come from Sumatra, Bulakna: wife of Lapulapu; in other epics, Lapulapu instead has three wives and eleven children, Zula: a ruler that Lapulapu had an enmity with due to both ruler's affection towards Bulakna. .University of Manila (1956). Peoples of the Philippines: Ibaloi. Lulu.com, 2016. Kayamanan: MaiPanoramas of Philippine Primeval. Today is a Feast Day for Sepa, the centipede god of ancient Egypt. Limikid, B. Catholic Anthropologist Conference. Kroeber, A. L. (1918). The butterfly is one of natures most perfect examples of change, transformation, and growth. Cultural Center of the Philippines. Apayao Life and Legends. Hart D. V., Hart H. C. (1966). 160(1): 3171. Vocabulario de la lengua tagala. III, No. (1913). Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. Nicdao, A. Jose, V. R. (1974). Mansaka Forms of Oral Literature. Page 16. Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. Protection from snake and scorpion bites is not to be taken lightly. It could be inferred that Cent Zaide, S. M. (1999). Pandaque: messenger of Sidapa; sacrifice is offered to the deity so that a soul can be admitted to the skyworld, Kahilwayan, from the lower world, Kasakitan; lives in Kasakitan, despite being a messenger of Sidapa, who lives in the middleworld, Kamaritaan; Magyan: carries the souls of the dead to the lower world, Kasakitan, on his boat called balanday; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Sumpoy; he is a brother of Makaptan and Sumpoy, Sumpoy: takes the souls from Magyan's balanday and carries them to a place in Kasakitan called Kanitu-nituhan; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Magyan; he is a brother of Magyan and Makaptan, Sisiburanen: ruler of Kanitu-nituhan, a sub-realm of the lower world, Kasakitan; acts as slaver of the souls of those who cannot and have yet go into the skyworld; feeds the souls to Simuran and Siguinarugan after the souls stay in Kanitu-nituhan for years, Simuran: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhan. (1979). Wigington, Patti. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. Cayat, G. C. Manuscript on Kalanguya Cultural Communities. Galang, Zoilo M. (1950). From the Philippines to The Field Museum: A Study of Ilongot (Bugkalot) Personal Adornment. Blair, Helen Emma & Robetson, James Alexander. Patti Wigington is a pagan author, educator, and licensed clergy. (1999). Liddum: the only deity who inhabits the realm called Kabunian; communicates directly with humans on earth; Lumadab: has the power to dry up the rice leaves, one of the eleven beings importuned to stamp out rice pests, Mamiyo: the stretcher of skeins, one of the twenty-three deities presiding over the art of weaving, Monlolot: the winder of thread on the spindle, one of the twenty-three deities presiding over the art of weaving, Yogyog: a causer of earthquakes; dwells in the underworld, Alyog: a causer of earthquakes; dwells in the underworld, Makalun: spirits that serve the function as messengers of the gods, Namtogan: the paraplegic god of good fortune whose presence made rice harvests and community livestock bountiful; when the humans he was staying with at Ahin began neglecting the.