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ft.), PRR / VP of Altoona Works / Record of Operating Expenses of the Juniata Shop, 1914-1918. Names Alter, R. H. Pennsylvania Railroad. The Lehigh Valley Railroad began providing service to Hemlock lake in 1895. A daily freight train was put into operation leaving Easton in the morning and returning in the evening. A pair of ALCO FA-2 FB-2 car body diesel-electric locomotives were also purchased to augment the PAs when necessary. ft.), Kensington and Tacony Railroad / Annual Reports to the Auditor General of Pennsylvania, 1895-1896. permission to lay track, run trains and do needed maintenance along a long, narrow swath. 5 out of 5 stars (5,213) $ 19.50 FREE shipping Add to Favorites . Indicates major drainage, cities and towns, and names the railroads along the lines. Now under ownership of the Norfolk Southern Railway, the Lehigh Line's route is now from Port Reading Junction in Manville, New Jersey, to Penn Haven Junction in Lehigh Township, Pennsylvania. Please note: Not all of the Valuable Papers were deposited at the archives, so we may not hold all of the items referenced in the index. ft.), PRR / Secretary / Library /Publicity Photographs, ca 1830-1960. Abandoned Lines By mileage, no state comes close to the abandonments suffered in Pennsylvania, which now amounts to roughly 6,500 miles. Lehigh Valley Railroad Company records, 1870-1962. In 1895, the LVRR constructed the Greenville and Hudson Railway parallel with the national docks in order to relieve congestion and have a wholly-owned route into Jersey City. ft.), PRR / Secretary / General Correspondence Files, ca 1887-1972. In 1871, the LVRR leased the Morris Canal, which had a valuable outlet in Jersey City on the Hudson River opposite Manhattan. Coal, steel, passengers, and various other freight could be carried via the Lehigh Valley Railroad to either the Great Lakes or . Initially, the LVRR contracted with the CNJ for rights from Roselle to Jersey City, but the LVRR eventually finished construction to its terminal in Jersey City over the Newark and Roselle Railway, the Newark and Passaic Railway, the Jersey City, Newark, and Western Railway, and the Jersey City Terminal Railway. President Richard Nixon signed the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 into law. (.05 cu. (10 cu. The Penn Haven and White Haven Railroad allowed the LV to reach White Haven. F. A . and Executive Comm., 1853-1906. ft.), Leechburg Company / Minute Books, 1937-1954. After the U.S. entered World War I, the railroads were nationalized in order to prevent strikes and interruptions. [30] As a result of its leases and acquisitions, the Lehigh Valley gained a near-monopoly on traffic in the Finger Lakes region. Some of the lines and branches covered in the series'twenty-four boxes include: For maps of the routes and land holdings of the Lehigh and New England Railroad, the series [14], The 1870s witnessed commencement of extension of the LVRR in a new direction. The banking giant J. P. Morgan stepped in to refinance the LVRR debt and obtained control of the railroad in the process. ft.), PRR / Secretary / Guide for the PRR with Extensive Map Including the Entire Route, 1855. ft.), PRR / Comptroller / General Correspondence Files, 1924-1964. This microfilm, such as it is, is our best and most comprehensive source of PRR maps at this time. The LVRR first attempted to obtain a right of way at Greenville, but the Pennsylvania Railroad checkmated them by purchasing most of the properties needed. Cassat, 1893-1903. (.1 cu. (.1 cu. (.1 cu. In order to document their corporate valuations to the ICC, American railroad companies had to submit detailed maps of their real estate holdings. Lehigh Valley Railroad Maps The maps on the following pages, based on the LVRR right-of-way as of September 24, 1936, were created by the ARHS: New Jersey Mainline - from Jutland to Jersey City M&H Area and Mainline - Mahanoy and Hazleton Division, as well as the mainline from Lizard Creek Jct. The LVRR's Newark and Roselle Railway in 1891 brought the line from Roselle into Newark, where passengers connected to the Pennsylvania Railroad. Ended: Mar 02, 2023. Keystone State. ft.), PRR / VP of Operation / Chief of Motive Power / Miscellaneous Motive Power Blueprints and Related Materials, ca 1900-1968. ft.), PRR / Secretary / Pamphlet Description of Corporations in which PRR and Subs. [29] At the same time, the LVRR organized the Buffalo and Geneva Railroad to build the rest of the 97-mile Geneva to Buffalo trackage, from Geneva to Lancaster. Two final blows fell in the 1950s: the passage of the Federal-Aid Highway Act in 1956, better known as the Interstate Highway Act, and the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in 1959. [13] With these acquisitions, the LVRR obtained the right to mine coal as well as transport it. Map of the Pennsylvania, Reading, and Lehigh Valley Railroads, and their connections. Map of the Pennsylvania Schuylkill Valley Railroad, the predecessor to the Schuylkill Branch The abandoned Schuylkill Branch bridge over the Schuylkill River at Lower Pottsgrove, photographed in 2011 The Schuylkill Branch was a rail line owned and operated by the former Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. [50] The "3R Act," as it was called, provided interim funding to the bankrupt railroads and defined a new "Consolidated Rail Corporation" under the AAR's plan. ft.), Girard Point Storage / Record of Deeds, 1881-1896. Maps of North America. ft.), Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad / Agreements, Leases and Mortgage, 1847-1886. Young, 1929-1943. Following Federal legislation which stopped the operation of such service, the lake line was sold to private interests in 1920. The Beaver Meadow Railroad had been built in 1836, and it transported anthracite coal from Jeansville in Pennsylvania's Middle Coal Field to the Lehigh Canal at Mauch Chunk. Lehigh Valley Railroad System Maps RAILFAN GUIDES HOME RAILROAD SIGNALS HOME More info at: http://www.lehighvalleyrr.com/ http://www.marjum.com/niagjct/index.html http://www.railroad.net/forums/viewtopic.php?f=128&t=1907 I wonder what it is with the name CHUNK that "they" wanted to use it twice? ft.), Peoria and Eastern Railway / Annual Reports, 1928-1936, 1938-1961, 1963-1966, 1970-1973, 1976. Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, Pub.L. Proudly founded in 1681 as a place of tolerance and freedom. (11.9 cu. ft.), Susquehanna, Bloomsburg, and Berwick Railroad / Minute Book, 1902-1918. (.15 cu. (297 cu. (.3 cu. Please enable scripts and reload this page. [28] LVRR subsidiary, Lehigh Valley Railway began constructing the main line's northern part from Buffalo to Lancaster, New York, in 1883, a total distance of ten miles. Congress reacted with the 1906 Hepburn Act, which among other things forbade railroads from owning the commodities that they transported. In pursuit of that strategy, the 1868 purchases of the Hazleton Railroad and the Lehigh Luzerne Railroad brought 1,800 acres (7.3km2) of coal land to the LVRR, and additional lands were acquired along branches of the LVRR. (13 cu. Ball, Chief Conveyancer and Benjamin W. Carskaddon, Assistant Real Estate Agent, 1876-1902. These were FAs with steam generators, but they were not designated as FPA-2 units. (2.25 cu. The railroad would run parallel to the Lehigh River and break the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company's monopoly on coal traffic originating in the Wyoming Valley. (1 cu. ft.), Erie Railroad / Miscellaneous Land Records, [ca. . Engineering Drawings, [ca.1886-1940 (bulk: 1915-1930)]{#311m.284} will be of interest. ft.), PRR / Secretary / Board of Directors' Inspection Trip Book, 1937. ft.), Lehigh Valley Railroad / Annual Statement of Charges and Credits to the Investment Account for Property (BV 589), 1917-1930. (.03 cu. This page was last edited on 15 September 2020, at 21:11. However, the route required a 4,893-foot (1,491m) tunnel through/under Musconetcong Mountain near Pattenburg, New Jersey (about twelve miles east of Phillipsburg),[21] and that proved troublesome, delaying the opening of the line until May 1875,[22] when a coal train first passed over the line. ft.), PRR / VP of Real Estate / Minute Books of the Road Committee, 1847-1948. The purchase of the Penn Haven and White Haven was the first step in expanding to Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Leadership of the company transferred smoothly to Charles Hartshorne, who had been vice president under Packer. ft.), Lehigh Valley Railroad / Abstract and Opinion of the Acts of the Legislature and Casesin reference to the Title of the North Branch Division of the Penna. [26] The railroad had survived the economic depression of 1873 and was seeing its business recover. ft.), Valley Real Estate Company / Journal Entries, 1919. Its bankruptcy resulted in economic chaos, bringing on the financial panic of 1893 and forcing the LVRR to break the lease and resume its own operations, leaving it unable to pay dividends on its stock until 1904. Lehigh Valley Railroad. ft.), Valley Real Estate Company - Ledger, 1907-1922. In 1875, the holdings were consolidated into the Lehigh Valley Coal Company, which was wholly owned by the LVRR. The production of the entire Middle Coal Field came to the LVRR over feeders to the Beaver Meadow: the Quakake Railroad, the Catawissa, Williamsport and Erie Railroad, the Hazleton Railroad, the Lehigh Luzerne Railroad and other smaller lines. of Law / Miscellaneous Interstate Commerce Commission Case Files, 1927-1935. ft.), Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad / Contract Books, 1864-1891. (1.1 cu. The first leg of the construction to Jersey City was the Roselle and South Plainfield Railway in 1888 which connected with the CNJ at Roselle for access over the CNJ to the Hudson River waterfront in Jersey City. (3 cu. 1902 - NYC introduces The 20th Century Limited. The railroad was chartered on August 2, 1847, and elected James Madison Porter its president on October 21. Summary Outline map of the middle Atlantic states showing the three major lines in different colors. ft.), Philadelphia and Erie Railroad / Minute Book of the Road Committee, Finance Comm. (.2 cu. {#31.18}, MG-416 Aero Service Corporation Photographs, MG-425 Ebasco Environmental Company Aerial Photographs, Baldwin Locomotive Works, Other Record Holders, PHMC Collections Management Policy Standards, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Access Policy, Erie Railroad and the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, Bangor & Portland Division, including Martins Creek Branch, Limestone Spur, Wind Gap Branch, Atlantic BranchandBangor Branch, Valuation orders and related records, 1914-1934. In 1941, the Pennsylvania placed its shares in a voting trust after reaching an agreement with the New York Central regarding the PRR's purchase of the Wabash. ft.), PRR / VP of Real Estate & Taxation / Reports on Coal and Coal Mines, 1861-1864. Approximately 350,000 tons of anthracite moved to Perth Amboy during that year for transshipment by water. The two most popular reasons for wishing to consult railroad-related land records are property ownership investigations and historical research. (.1 cu. Budd Rail Diesel Car service would continue on a branch line (Lehighton-Hazleton) for an additional four days. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps forPennsylvania, Aerial Photographs and Index of the 1940 Aerial Survey of Pennsylvania, 1937-1942. ft.), Lehigh Valley Railroad / Record of Expenditures Under Authority of Forms 1416, ca 1917-1926. [43] The terms of the restructurings precluded dividend payments until 1953, when LVRR common stock paid the first dividend since 1931. Fowler's Panoramac Bird's Eye Maps, 1884-1905, recently added railroad maps that may not be included in the old topical sections (search for the word "rail" or "railroad"). linearly along particular rail lines. The acquisitions in 1868 were notable because they marked the beginning of the LVRR's strategy of acquiring coal lands to ensure production and traffic for its own lines. Following Loomis' death in 1937, the presidency went to Loomis' assistant Duncan J. Kerr,[40] but in 1940 he was replaced by Albert N. Williams,[41] and the road came under the influence of the PRR. The State of New Jersey passed legislation that allowed the LVRR to consolidate its New Jersey railroads into one company; the Perth Amboy and Bound Brook and the Bound Brook and Easton were merged to form a new railroad company called the Easton and Amboy Railroad (or Easton & Amboy Railroad Company). (.01 cu. Although the decade began with the completion of its terminals at Buffalo and Jersey City, and the establishment of a trunk line across New York, the company soon became entangled in costly business dealings which ultimately led to the Packer family's loss of control. He was also an enthusiastic member of the Society's modeling committee . (9 cu. ft.), Chambersburg Land and Improvement Company / Minute Book, 1890-1905. On June 21, 1970, the Penn Central declared bankruptcy and sought bankruptcy protection. The line gave the LVRR a route into Pottsville, Pennsylvania, and the Schuylkill Valley coal fields.[32]. ft.), Bustleton Railroad / Annual Reports to the Auditor General of Pennsylvania, 1895-1896. (.1 cu. (1 cu. He served as chairman of the board while the presidency was vacant until PRR takeover. A final attempt to establish a coal cartel took place in 1904 with the formation of the Temple Iron Company. (43 cu. (.25 cu. Construction from Waverly to Buffalo was split into two projects, Waverly to Geneva, New York, and Geneva, which is located at the northern end of Seneca Lake), to Buffalo. V2 en:Roselle and South Plainfield Railway. (.03 cu. The line became known as the Lehigh Line during Conrail ownership. ft.), Suquehanna, Bloomsburg, and Berwick Railroad - Ledger, 1902-1904. Through neglect, the Reading allowed the charter to lapse, and it was acquired by the Lehigh Valley, which immediately constructed the Schuylkill and Lehigh Valley Railroad. Some lines were subsequently abandoned and even dismantled long before the expiration date came up. (5 cu. Conversely, the other railroads' obligations to pay those fees to the Penn Central were not waived. V2A en:Lehigh Valley Terminal Railway; V2B en:Greenville and Hudson Railway; V2C en:National Docks Railway; V2D en:National Docks and New Jersey Junction Railway; V2E en:Irvington Railroad; Short lines . The LVRR found that the route of the Morris Canal was impractical for use as a railroad line, so in 1872 the LVRR purchased the dormant charter of the Perth Amboy and Bound Brook Railroad which had access to the Perth Amboy, New Jersey, harbor, and added to it a new charter, the Bound Brook and Easton Railroad. Records vary as to scope and nature, including pipe and wire, trackage and crossing rights, real estate, physical facilities, financial obligations, operations with affiliated companies, governmental authorizations, purchases, and so forth. 985, Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 16:09, Catawissa, Williamsport and Erie Railroad, Pennsylvania and New York Canal & Railroad Company, Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway, New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway, Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad, Lehigh Township, Carbon County, Pennsylvania, "Lehigh Valley Railroad to Retires $2,489,000 in 66-Year-Old Bonds", "Pennsylvania Railroad Seeking all the Stock of Lehigh Valley", http://www.parailfan.com/NS/ns_lehigh_line_ett.pdf, "Last of the Railroad - Era Passes Tonight as Lehigh Ends Service", "E. E. Loomis is Dead. The 1860s saw an expansion of the LVRR northward to the Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, area and up the Susquehanna River to the New York state line. File usage on Commons. (.01 cu. The section between Allentown and Mauch Chunk opened on September 12. (17 cu. (.1 cu. Passengers were routed to the Pennsylvania Railroad's terminal and ferry. Photo by Doug Lilly. ft.), PRR / VP of Purchase / General Correspondence and Confidential Files of C.D. In 1916, a horrendous explosion occurred at the facility, destroying ships and buildings, and breaking windows in Manhattan. The Vosburg Tunnel was completed and opened for service on July 25, 1886. [6] To accommodate the 4ft 10in (1,473mm) gauge of the Belvidere, the cars were furnished with wheels having wide treads that operated on both roads.[7]. The route across Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Oak Island Yard remains important to the Norfolk Southern Railway and CSX Transportation today, the only two Class 1 railroads that are based in the Eastern United States. Order #20 of ICC, 1916-1921. The line hosts approximately twenty-five trains per day, with traffic peaking at the end of the week. Coverage includes locations in the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. Post Conrail ownership and secondary lines. 93-236, 87 Stat. The L&S had been chartered in 1837 by the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company (the Lehigh Canal company) to connect the upper end of the canal at Mauch Chunk to Wilkes-Barre. (25 cu. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Lehigh Valley Terminal DL&W Train Shed Metro Rail Stations: Light Rail Rapid Transit System Miami Street Freight House / Franklin Terminals Belt Line Railroad: Daniel Zornick,, Beltline Railroad Illustrated essay Map: 1894 City of Buffalo Atlas map (online Sept. 2020) Miscellany: Robert Holder, History of Early Railroads in Buffalo ft.), PRR / VP of Real Estate / Lease and Agreement Book, 1858-1889. ft.). So, its motto, Route Of The Black Diamond, was quite befitting and led directly to both its rise in prosperity and downfall into bankruptcy. The land that Asa Packer had obtained in 1872 was situated on the southern side of the Morris Canal's South Basin, but the CNJ already had its own facilities adjacent to that property and disputed the LVRR's title, which partly overlapped land the CNJ had filled for its own terminal.[33]. [1] (2 cu. (4 cu. The line is still owned and operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway and the line still runs from Port Reading Junction in Manville, New Jersey, to Penn Haven Junction in Lehigh Township, Carbon County, Pennsylvania.[52]. Countries. (.1 cu. Joy and Lancaster Railroad / Minute Book of the Committee on Real Estate and the Road, 1850-1855. (143 cu. [1], Throughout the 1920s the railroad remained in the hands of the Morgan / Drexel banking firm, but in 1928 an attempt was made to wrest control from it. United States (except New York) States. (.02 cu. Customers naturally resented the actions of the cartel, and since coal was critical to commerce, Congress intervened in 1887 with the Interstate Commerce Act that forbade the roads from joining into such pools. (.1 cu. By 1869, the LVRR owned a continuous track through Pennsylvania from Easton to Waverly. Due to declining passenger patronage, the Lehigh Valley successfully petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission to terminate all passenger service. Passenger traffic on the LVRR's Easton and Amboy connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) at Metuchen, New Jersey, and continued to the PRR'S Exchange Place terminus in Jersey City (that connection was discontinued in 1891 after the LVRR established its own route to Jersey City from South Plainfield). ft.), PRR / VP of Special Services / Merger Studies, 1950-1970. 1951: September 14: Last day of steam on the Lehigh Valley Railroad as. From the beginning, the LVRR's New York City passengers had used the Pennsylvania Railroad's terminal and ferry at Jersey City, but in 1913 the PRR terminated that agreement, so the LVRR contracted with the CNJ for use of its terminal and ferry, which was expanded to handle the increased number of passengers. The Geneva, Ithaca & Athens Railroad passed into the hands of the LVRR in September 1876, which extended from the New York state line near Sayre, Pennsylvania, to Geneva, New York, a distance of 75 miles. The company controlled 30,000 acres (120km2) of coal-producing lands and was expanding rapidly into New York and New Jersey. ft.), PRR / President / Clement / Eastern Region Coordinating Committee Files, 1933-1936. Although the 1864 acquisition of the Beaver Meadow had included a few hundred acres of coal land, by 1868 the LVRR was feeling pressure from the Delaware and Hudson and the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad in the northern Wyoming Valley coal field, where the railroads mined and transported their own coal at a much reduced cost. At Phillipsburg, New Jersey, the Belvidere Delaware Railroad connected to Trenton, New Jersey. 1 en:Hoboken Manufacturers' Railroad; 2 en:Bay Shore Connecting Railroad; 3 en:Whippany River Railroad (29 cu. At Three Bridges, New Jersey, in Readington Township, the line interchanges with Black River and Western Railroad. The Shortsville to Victor segment became the Ontario Central Railroad in 1979 (the Ontario Central became part of the Finger Lakes Railway in October 2007[51]). Right-of-way agreements might be attached to or referenced in the chain of title (i.e. ft.), Lehigh Valley Railroad / List of Roadway Completion Reports (BV 586), 1919-1927. In 1901, Morgan arranged to have the Packer Estate's holdings purchased jointly by the Erie, the Pennsylvania, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, the DL&W and the CNJ, all companies in which Morgan had interests. In many cases the Rights of Way were not perpetual, but were granted for, say, 99 years. The LVRR was approved for such a restructuring in 1940 when several large mortgage loans were due. The LVRR strove throughout the 1880s to acquire its own route to Jersey City and to the Jersey City waterfront. The most important market in the east was New York City, but the LVRR was dependent on the CNJ and the Morris Canal for transport to the New York tidewater. ft.), PRR / Secretary / Pennsylvania Railroad and Long Island RR Directors' Inspection Trip Book, 1947. (1.25 cu. In addition, we now hold a physical volume entitled Real Estate Atlas of the Western Pennsylvania Railroad, Butler Division, [ca. railroad archivist. (1.25 cu. 1860-1878] (1 volume) {#286m.1525} which shows track layouts and property ownership along the tracks for what later became part of the Conemaugh Division of the PRR in northwestern Pennsylvania. (.05 cu. ft.), Philadelphia and Erie Railroad / Report to the Superintendant of the Tenth Census, 1880. ft.), PRR / VP of Real Estate / Printed Abstracts of Title, 1869, 1875. Free shipping for many products! ft.), Manor Real Estate and Trust Company / Minute Books, 1870-1954. That southern field held the largest reserves of anthracite in Pennsylvania and accounted for a large percentage of the total production. Wilson, Chief Engineer, 1881-1884. (.25 cu. ft.), Clearfield and Jefferson Railway / Annual Reports, 1886-1888. LVRR Map 1 2016-08-10T14:17:31 . ft.), Mifflin and Centre County Railroad / Monthly Construction Accounts, 1862-1869. It was located along the Hamilton Street Bridge in Allentown. [8] The purchasing of the North Branch Canal saw an opportunity for a near monopoly in the region north of the Wyoming Valley. (1.5 cu. ft.), PRR / VP of Finance / Treasurer / Treasurer's Cash Books, 1847-1863, 1865-1925. :-)). Although government-funded Amtrak took over intercity passenger service on May 1, 1971, railroad companies continued to lose money due to extensive government regulations, expensive and excessive labor cost, competition from other transportation modes, declining industrial business and other factors;[49] the Lehigh Valley Railroad was one of them. Other resolutions: 320 240 pixels | 640 480 pixels | 1,024 768 pixels | 1,280 960 pixels | 2,560 1,920 pixels. First, it purchased a large parcel of land in Buffalo, the Tifft farm, for use as terminal facilities, and obtained a New York charter for the Lehigh Valley Railway (a similar name to the LVRR, but with "railway" instead). In 1866, the LVRR purchased acquired the Lehigh and Mahanoy Railroad (originally the Quakake Railroad) and the North Branch Canal along the Susquehanna River, renaming it the Pennsylvania and New York Canal & Railroad Company (P&NY). Full Promotional Video: Lehigh Gorge Scenic Railway The Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylkill and Susquehanna Railroad (DLS&S) was authorized by the Pennsylvania General Assembly on April 21, 1846, to construct a railroad from Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, now Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, to Easton, Pennsylvania. The railroad ended operations in 1976 and merged into Conrail along with several northeastern railroads that same year. [6], Through a connection with the Central Railroad of New Jersey, LVRR passengers had a route to Newark, New Jersey, Jersey City, New Jersey, and other points in New Jersey. The followingarethe primary series of railroad map records that are processed and readily available for use: For track maps of the Erie and D, L & W lines,seeTrack Maps of the Erie Railroad and the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, circa 1917-1976, Series {#300m164}. The line later expanded past Allentown to Lehigh Valley Terminal in Buffalo and past Easton to New York City, bringing the Lehigh Valley Railroad to these metropolitan areas. The Pennsylvania Railroad in 1962 requested ICC authorization to acquire complete control of the LVRR through a swap of PRR stock for LVRR and elimination of the voting trust that had been in place since 1941. The Lehigh Line is a railroad line in central New Jersey, Northeastern Pennsylvania, and the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania.It is owned and operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway.The line runs west from the vicinity of the Port of New York and New Jersey via Conrail's Lehigh Line to the Susquehanna River valley at the south end of the Wyoming Valley Coal Region.