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These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). Upset stomach and vomiting. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. As we grow older, we sleep less. (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. . As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. Causes. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Feeling tired. Has something like this ever happened to you? The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. C) the severity and duration of the problem. Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. Fever. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. 1. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. . While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). d. both b and c. 2. Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. Delusions. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). Treatment. We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls.