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Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. Derek Nurse und Grard Philippson: The Bantu Languages. They generally lack case inflection, but grammatical gender is characteristic, with some languages having two dozen genders (noun classes). The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. 23 Ibid. The date is contested, but most historians agree the Bantu Expansion began around 1500BCE. During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. The story begins with a popular African tale. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. Any proof of their numbers? This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. The linguistic core of the Bantu languages, which comprise a branch of the Atlantic-Congo language family, was located in the southern regions of Cameroon. Their settlement and development of the first powerful states in Africa is further proof of that dominance. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. In the process, the Proto-Bantu-speaking settlers displaced or absorbed pre-existing hunter-gatherer and pastoralist groups that they encountered. 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. The discussion concludes that the Bantu phenomenon is best understood as a colonisation, migration, expansion, dispersal, or diffusion. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. [15] The 60,000-km2 Mambilla region straddling the borderlands here has been identified as containing remnants of "the Bantu who stayed home" as the bulk of Bantu-speakers moved away from the region. Also when the Portuguese started buying slaves from Africa the Bantu Expansion was given a new boost. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. Upon the death of his illegitimate father, the king of the minor Zulu clan, Shaka seized the ascension, killing all rivals, after which he began to build a society forged by war and bloodshed. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa was populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, Nilo-Saharan-speaking herders, and Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. Bantu expansion - Wikipedia It was one of the first states in Africa and paved the way for the historic Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. I did not know this at first but another historical Reddit page took my question down because of it. They expanded and took the land which is exactly what they will do to Somalia soon if Somalis don't put a stop to it. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. In 2004, Somali Bantus from this group began arriving for permanent resettlement in the U.S. Acts of genocide are normally committed by state agents, for example by soldiers in the employ of the national military or by militias who have the support of those who hold state power. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. The Tutsi's . Render date: 2023-03-04T14:32:22.407Z Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. There are no noticeable differences between the two communities as they both use the same Bantu languages together with French, and mainly observe Christianity. In fact a small amount South African Bantu men have Khoisan specific Y-DNA (including Cushitic pastoralist Y-DNA which is significant among the Khoisan). In Eastern and Southern Africa, Bantu speakers may have adopted livestock husbandry from other unrelated Cushitic-and Nilotic-speaking peoples they encountered. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. He introduced concepts of warfare and weaponry revolutionary in his age, and upon the death of Dingiswayo, he assumed the paramountcy of what is today known as Zululand. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Required fields are marked *. Yet there's no evidence for both migrations. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. READ: The Spread of Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Bantu Migration We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. 18091. How can you have a Cracka, talking about African History?? Another stream of migration, having moved east by 3,000 years ago (1000BC), was creating a major new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa, where a rich environment supported a dense population. These include sultanates based at Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, Pate and Malindi. Evidence of the existence of previous African races and tribes can be found in present day DNA records of today's Bantu people. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. By that logic, you have to say that the Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain (Which took place in 6th century CE, about 2 centuries after the Bantu made it to what is now South Africa) was a genocide as most of the Y-DNA of the English is Anglo-Saxon not Celtic or pre-Celtic. Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. Archaeological findings have shown that by 100 BC to 300 AD, Bantu speaking communities were present at the coastal areas of Misasa in Tanzania and Kwale in Kenya. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. This inspired the Bantu to conquer more areas to capture more slaves and expand further . The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. Roberts, A. D. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. Bantu Expansion isnt real. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa),[6] and the second and possibly others went south along the African coast into Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. The Bantu languages constitute by far Africa's largest language family. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. Also known as the Bantu conquest of Africa - 2,000 Years of Bantu supremacy, racism, conquest, genocide, rape, war, cannibalism and colonisation. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. Zulu Warriors in full Battle Regalia Source: i.imgur.com. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. These communities also integrated and intermarried with the communities already present at the coast. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu -speaking group, [3] [4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Population collapse in Congo rainforest from 400 CE urges - Science . Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. PEOPLE OF AFRICA - The Diversity of African People | African Race They believed that the expansion was caused by the development of agriculture, the making of ceramics, and the use of iron, which permitted new ecological zones to be exploited. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. The root of the verb tends to remain unchanged, with either particles or auxiliary verbs expressing tenses and moods. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. } Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. via language shift and admixture of incoming and existing populations). Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. The outlines of the fourth stage can be established very largely from traditional evidence. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Much of this vocabulary is botanical, deals with honey collecting, or is otherwise specialised for the forest and is shared between western Batwa groups. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. The result was the decimation of the interior population of South Africa, and the ruination of the social and productive landscape. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. Researchers have found ways to trace the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples that began possibly as early as 2000 BCE. The Extinct "Ghost Modern" Race of Africa and the Bantu Expansion Genocide For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. That's a bold claim. Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic), as a result of desertification of the Green Sahara in 7000 BC. There are no reliable figures, but the combined death toll of the Mfecane is estimated to be upwards of 2 million. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. . The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. View all Google Scholar citations The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. Twa - Wikipedia Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. The Zulu style of warfare was based on finely tuned tactics, relentless discipline and brutal, close-quarters combat. Furthermore, both the Khoisan and Pygmies still mostly have their own specific Y-DNA haplogroups. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. It's not white supremacist to study history. Of course not. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. Feature Flags: { It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. 24 Theal, G. M., Records of South-East Africa (Capetown, 18981903), vols. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. [22], Nilo-Saharan-speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants.[23][24][25]. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. . There seems to be much more evidence for the Bantu Expansion than the Aryan 'Invasion' (quote marks because some suggest migration, some say invasion). Their two-metre-long assegais were no match for the Zulus' iKlwa, and they died in their hundreds. Enter your library card number to sign in. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. However, attempts to trace the exact route of the expansion, to correlate it with archaeological evidence and genetic evidence, have not been conclusive; thus although the expansion is widely accepted as having taken place, many aspects of it remain in doubt or are highly contested. The young woman, whose name was Nandi, was, with ageless injustice, cast out to give birth to her illegitimate child in exile.